One of the most critical aspects of dry eye therapy is correct diagnosis. [Source]

Most cases of eye-strain/ dry eye are because of the BLOCKAGE of the oil secreting eye glands (Meibomian glands). In almost all cases there is inevitably an associated bacterial infection and inflammation – which might not lead to visible signs for a long time. This discussion (and remedy) is for those vast majority of dry eye cases [evaporative dry eye, or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction/Disorder, i.e. MGD).

However, it appears that using TheraTears is vital to the recovery (since goblet cells are likely being destroyed by increased saltiness of tears). [Listen to Dr. Gilbard of Theratears

TheraTears that rehydrates the tear film, lowering elevated tear film osmolarity, and provides the tear film electrolytes that are crucial for growth, maintenance and repair of the eye surface.  In peer-reviewed studies TheraTears has been shown to provide cumulative dry eye relief by promoting healing of the eye surface as evidenced by restoration of the goblet cells and glycogen that have been lost in dry eye.  [Source]  

Also read his article on dry eyes: At 1 week and 1 month after surgery, respectively, 87.5% and 100% of dry eye patients who received TheraTears were free of dry eye symptoms, whereas only 12.5% and 20% of patients in the control group were symptom-free. In addition, goblet cell density measured by impression cytology 1 month after treatment showed that TheraTears significantly restored conjunctival goblet cell density, whereas the control treatment didn't.

This video shows the location of these glands. I've not been able to "express" oil from my glands. However, this is a useful educational video:

This one shows how it is done:

The GOOD NEWS IS THAT THIS PROBLEM CAN BE EASILY FIXED (It took me nearly one year to figure out this cure but now that I've figured it out completely, it is not only working, but should work – instantaneously – for you, too). [See Addendum]

How computers can aggravate an underlying dry eye problem

Computer use aggravates eye strain but DOES NOT cause it.

In my case the cause was the excessive use of antihistamines which dried out my eyes by reducing tear flow, and thus providing relief from hay fever. This reduced tear production from the Meibomian glands. That would have rebounded once the antihistamines were stopped, but it did not.

When you use a computer (unlike reading a book, when the eyes are more relaxed), the surface area of the eye exposed to the air increases, thus speeding up the evaporation of tears. Reduced blink rates also mean faster evaporation. Normally, this doesn't matter, but when your eyes are already dry for some other reason, this can become a big issue.

Note that the purpose of the tear film is two fold: (a) to lubricate eyeball movements and (b) to remove bacteria (to which the eye is constantly being exposed).

Once the tear film has already been weakened,  bacteria are not killed and washed off quickly, and grow INSIDE the tear ducts – thus blocking them. Once a blockage starts, for whatever reason, a VICIOUS CYCLE sets in. Dry eyes lead to greater dry tears. 

Note also that the cornea is flooded with nerve cells. As a result some of the most bizzare and horrendous sensations (including severe pain/ burning  and worse) are experienced. The pain you experience indicates that the tear film has BROKEN UP and is not repairing itself. No tests are needed to prove it further. 

The remedy (cure) for dry eyes (17 September 2011)

Because the underlying cause is the blockage of Meibomian gland (there are about 100 of these, combined, in both eyes), the solution must unblock these, AND kill any bacteria. Reducing computer use is NOT the remedy. The following remedy, discovered by trial and error, and MUCH thought, both unblocks the Meibomian glands and kills bacterial.

Disclaimer: Note that I'm not a medical doctor (I've got a PhD in economics) and don't take any warranties for my recommendations. This much I can say, that the remedy has been FULLY TRIED AND TESTED by me, and has significantly helped me. Please try this remedy at your own risk. Since most of the stuff I use is natural, it is not going to harm you. I've used it for a long time now, so I know that it doesn't harm.

In the bathroom:

Use Dove anti-bacterial soap to wash the face – and make sure you rub the eyelids gently with this soap [This, or Gamophen. Avoid using much since these contain Triclosan which is harmful]

The daily regimen (use it till the problem resolves)

(After I discovered my own cure – below – I came across this CONSENSUS VIEW OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. Do read it as well.

Do this daily as many times as needed. This will take 20 minutes. Note that I think steps 1 and 2 are less relevant, and perhaps using once in a week or so is sufficient to get the benefits of honey and aloe vera. (6 October 2011)

Step 1: Apply 1 drop of honey (preferably Manuka honey) INSIDE each eye for about 2-3 minutes. The eyes will water as the anti-bacterial properties of honey kick in and also motivate greater production of tears. After 2-3 minutes, wash the eyes.

Step 2: Apply the viscous gel of a FRESHLY CUT aloe vera plant on the eyelid margins – doesn't matter if it touches the cornea. This will have a cooling effect. The plant has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties that will add to the benefits of the honey treatment. After 2-3 minutes, rinse the eyes.

Step 3: Put about 10 drops of raw lemon into a small container and fill it with water. Dip your eyes into the FRESH diluted lemon drops (keep them open under the water) for about 5-10 seconds each. 

STEP 3A – experimental stage: It is possible that squeezing cabbage juice and applying to the eyes will help. Need to try [See my analysis here].

Step 4: Take LidCare (or like), apply it to your finger and rub it. Then apply it to the eyelid margins and rub gently. Rinse. 

Step 5: Now you are ready to apply hot compress. Make sure it is fairly warm (42 degrees C or thereabouts, i.e. warmer than the skin). Dip a towel into the water and apply it over the eyes. Now SCRUNCH your eyes tight (squeeze eyelids together tightly) and release. Also press the towel gently on the eyes (bottom/top) so as to EXPRESS the oil from the oil glands. Try to make a pulsing movement. Repeat with warm towel for 12 minutes. Make sure you have massaged the eyes so as to express any stale oil from the eye glands. (You can't make out whether this is actually happening, but a gentle massaging motion on the eyelids, and SCRUNCHING them tightly and relaxing them, will help).

Step 6: Now massage the eyelid as shown below

you heat it, then the butter will soften enough to come out of the tube, but pressure on the tube (squeezing) would still be necessary. Going by this analogy, after warm compresses, the turbid meibomian gland secretions are more fluid, but massage is necessary to express them. Therefore after every 1 minute oGently close the eyelids. Put your index finger on the outer corner of the eyelid. Pull the eyelid towards the ear, so that the eyelids are stretched taut. Next use the index finger of the opposite hand to apply direct pressure to the taut eyelids starting at the inner aspect of the eyelid near the base of the nose. Sweep with firm but gentle pressure towards the ear. Repeat this maneuver four to five times. Remember that the goal is to apply gentle pressure to the eyelids – so just rubbing the eyelid surface will do you no good (Ophthalmol Clin N Am 2003;16:37-42) [Source]

 

This should significantly improve the quality of tears produced by the eyes. 

Thereafter, apply PRESERVATIVE-FREE eye drops as many times as needed [I prefer Thera tears - I'm also trying Systane BALANCE - that seems to help a bit, too]

PERIODICALLY, through the day, tightly scrunch your eyelids to express oil, and then relax. Do this particularly when facing the sun, to get some additional warmth into the glands. This is a standard yoga exercise. And it is VERY HELPFUL!

Other things to do:

Apply a drop or two of Triphala drops instead of eye drops, if you need them (see this).

Take sufficient nutrients, including iodine. (And GRAPES.) The nutrients will ensure that the tear glands have sufficient "STUFF" to produce high quality, oily tears. 

At night:

Apply a drop of castor oil/ pure ghee (melted in your hands).

Apply a small dab of neosporin antibiotic ointment on the eyelid margins (on the eyelashes). Neosporin is what I have – but recommendations on websites are more commonly for Erythromycin eye ointment or Tobradex eye ointment (steroid-antibiotic combination) [Source]

Change your computer use

AVOID staring at the computer with wide open eyes. Ideally, the eyes should be relaxed, looking downwards. That helps reduce the surface area of the eyes in contact with air and slows down tear evaporation. This is done by ensuring that the top of the monitor is BELOW the eye level, and not using the computer as frequently as you might have otherwise done.

Best of luck! Doing these things should help ease the problem very significantly (assuming the cause is blockage of the oil glands of the tear system), and bring it to manageable proportions.

How did I arrive at this remedy?

It has taken me nearly one year of SEVERE PAIN and suffering to work out this remedy. For more details, please see this and many other blog posts I've published over the last year (also download this Word document). I now understand the cause, and also know why some things have helped me and why others have not. That's how the theory and practice have come together.

Addendum

The solution is fine, and works. However, in the case of those who, like me, have suffered for very long without the right treatment (since doctors don't seem to know much about this extremely painful disease), there is a risk that some of my Meibomian glands have atrophied and died. I don't know. (If they are ALL 100% atrophied, yes, you're in a pickle but this is quite rare. Furthermore, if they do have some function – or can be coaxed & coached back into partial function through proper care  – Source.) [On the other hand, permanent atrophy is not totally uncommon. Source] I suspect that a 100% cure is not going to be possible at this stage in my case. But fingers crossed. However, even a 95% cure is good enough to bring significant normalcy to my life (and to yours), as you'll readily agree if you have been suffering this problem.

Gadgets (I've not tried them)

These might help:

Hot Compress Facial/Eyes Masks (also here and here and here)

Multi-frequency eyes circulation massager

Lipiflow (if your doctor has it)

Videos that might help

 

I'm compiling all relevant information in the form of a Word "book" that I will periodically update based on availability of time. It has many links to appropriate info, including youtube videos.

Click here for the "book".

 

Test for inflammatory dry eye disease

On January 17, 2012, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

IMMUNOASSAY TEST

The nonspecific inflammatory marker matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) has consistently been shown to be elevated in the tears of patients with DED. MMP-9 plays a critical role in wound healing and inflammation.4,5 It is primarily responsible for the pathologic alterations to the ocular surface that lead to a dysfunctional tear film.4,6 MMP-9 activity is significantly elevated, even in mild DED, and may be a more sensitive diagnostic marker than clinical signs. Furthermore, the level of MMP-9 in tears correlates with the clinical severity of the disease.7 InflammaDry (Rapid Pathogen Screening Inc.) is a new, in-office immunoassay that detects elevated MMP-9 in tears in 10 minutes (Figure). This test is currently under FDA 510(k) review but is available outside the United States. Identifying patients with inflammatory dry eye is the first step to better perioperative management of the ocular surface. Source]

In DED, the eye can be white and quiet despite an inflamed tear film. Elevated levels of MMP-9, especially in the setting of artificial tears’ not being effective, confirms the diagnosis of DED and should trigger the use of antiinflammatory therapies such as cyclosporine. [Source]

A negative InflammaDry test suggests a noninflammatory cause of DED.

 

Natural cures

On January 1, 2012, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

From an email I received

20 Painkillers in Your Kitchen

Make muscle pain a memory with ginger

When Danish researchers asked achy people to jazz up their diets with ginger, it eased muscle and joint pain, swelling and stiffness for up to 63 percent of them within two months. Experts credit ginger’s potent compounds called gingerols, which prevent the production of pain-triggering hormones. The study-recommended dose: Add at least 1 teaspoon of dried ginger or 2 teaspoons of chopped ginger to meals daily.

Cure a toothache with cloves

Got a toothache and can’t get to the dentist? Gently chewing on a clove can ease tooth pain and gum inflammation for two hours straight, say UCLA researchers. Experts point to a natural compound in cloves called eugenol, a powerful, natural anesthetic. Bonus: Sprinkling a ¼ teaspoon of ground cloves on meals daily may also protect your ticker. Scientists say this simple action helps stabilize blood sugar, plus dampen production of artery-clogging cholesterol in as little as three weeks.

Heal heartburn with cider vinegar

Sip 1 tablespoon of apple cider vinegar mixed with 8 ounces of water before every meal, and experts say you could shut down painful bouts of heartburn in as little as 24 hours. “Cider vinegar is rich in malic and tartaric acids, powerful digestive aids that speed the breakdown of fats and proteins so your stomach can empty quickly, before food washes up into the esophagus, triggering heartburn pain,” explains Joseph Brasco, M.D., a gastroenterologist at the Center for Colon and Digestive Diseases in Huntsville, AL.

Erase earaches with garlic

Painful ear infections drive millions of Americans to doctors’ offices every year. To cure one fast, just place two drops of warm garlic oil into your aching ear twice daily for five days. This simple treatment can clear up ear infections faster than prescription meds, say experts at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. Scientists say garlic’s active ingredients (germanium, selenium, and sulfur compounds) are naturally toxic to dozens of different pain-causing bacteria. To whip up your own garlic oil gently simmer three cloves of crushed garlic in a half a cup of extra virgin olive oil for two minutes, strain, then refrigerate for up to two weeks, suggests Teresa Graedon, Ph.D., co-author of the book, Best Choices From The People’s Pharmacy. For an optimal experience, warm this mix slightly before using so the liquid will feel soothing in your ear canal.

Chase away joint and headache pain with cherries

Latest studies show that at least one in four women is struggling with arthritis, gout or chronic headaches. If you’re one of them, a daily bowl of cherries could ease your ache, without the stomach upset so often triggered by today’s painkillers, say researchers at East Lansing ’s Michigan State University . Their research reveals that anthocyanins, the compounds that give cherries their brilliant red color, are anti-inflammatories 10 times stronger than ibuprofen and aspirin. “Anthocyanins help shut down the powerful enzymes that kick-start tissue inflammation, so they can prevent, as well as treat, many different kinds of pain,” explains Muraleedharan Nair, Ph.D., professor of food science at Michigan State University . His advice: Enjoy 20 cherries (fresh, frozen or dried) daily, then continue until your pain disappears.

Fight tummy troubles with fish

Indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases…if your belly always seems to be in an uproar, try munching 18 ounces of fish weekly to ease your misery. Repeated studies show that the fatty acids in fish, called EPA and DHA, can significantly reduce intestinal inflammation, cramping and belly pain and, in some cases, provide as much relief as corticosteroids and other prescription meds. “EPA and DHA are powerful, natural, side effect-free anti-inflammatories, that can dramatically improve the function of the entire gastrointestinal tract,” explains biological chemist Barry Sears, Ph.D., president of the Inflammation Research Foundation in Marblehead , MA . For best results, look for oily fish like salmon, sardines, tuna, mackerel, trout and herring.

Prevent PMS with yogurt

Up to 80 percent of women will struggle with premenstrual syndrome and its uncomfortable symptoms, report Yale researchers. The reason: Their nervous systems are sensitive to the ups and downs in estrogen and progesterone that occur naturally every month. But snacking on 2 cups of yogurt a day can slash these symptoms by 48 percent, say researchers at New York ’s Columbia University. “Yogurt is rich in calcium, a mineral that naturally calms the nervous system, preventing painful symptoms even when hormones are in flux,” explains Mary Jane Minkin, M.D., a professor of gynecology at Yale University.

Tame chronic pain with turmeric

Studies show turmeric, a popular East Indian spice, is actually three times more effective at easing pain than aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen, plus it can help relieve chronic pain for 50 percent of people struggling with arthritis and even fibromyalgia, according to Cornell researchers. That’s because turmeric’s active ingredient, curcumin, naturally shuts down cyclooxygenase 2, an enzyme that churns out a stream of pain-producing hormones, explains nutrition researcher Julian Whitaker, M.D. and author of the book,Reversing Diabetes. The study-recommended dose: Sprinkle 1/4 teaspoon of this spice daily onto any rice, poultry, meat or vegetable dish.

End endometrial pain with oats

The ticket to soothing endometriosis pain could be a daily bowl of oatmeal. Endometriosis occurs when little bits of the uterine lining detach and grow outside of the uterus. Experts say these migrating cells can turn menstruation into a misery, causing so much inflammation that they trigger severe cramping during your period, plus a heavy ache that drags on all month long. Fortunately, scientists say opting for a diet rich in oats can help reduce endometrial pain for up to 60 percent of women within six months. That’s because oats don’t contain gluten, a trouble-making protein that triggers inflammation in many women, making endometriosis difficult to bear, explains Peter Green, M.D., professor of medicine at Colombia University .

Soothe foot pain with salt

Experts say at least six million Americans develop painful ingrown toenails each year. But regularly soaking ingrown nails in warm salt water baths can cure these painful infections within four days, say scientists at California ’s Stanford University . The salt in the mix naturally nixes inflammation, plus it’s anti-bacterial, so it quickly destroys the germs that cause swelling and pain. Just mix 1 teaspoon of salt into each cup of water, heat to the warmest temperature that you can comfortably stand, and then soak the affected foot area for 20 minutes twice daily, until your infection subsides.

Prevent digestive upsets with pineapple

Got gas? One cup of fresh pineapple daily can cut painful bloating within 72 hours, say researchers at California ’s Stanford University . That's because pineapple is natually packed with proteolytic enzymes, digestive aids that help speed the breakdown of pain-causing proteins in the stomach and small intestine, say USDA researchers.

Relax painful muscles with peppermint

Suffering from tight, sore muscles? Stubborn knots can hang around for months if they aren’t properly treated, says naturopath Mark Stengler, N.D., author of the book, The Natural Physician’s Healing Therapies. His advice: Three times each week, soak in a warm tub scented with 10 drops of peppermint oil. The warm water will relax your muscles, while the peppermint oil will naturally soothe your nerves — a combo that can ease muscle cramping 25 percent more effectively than over-the-counter painkillers, and cut the frequency of future flare-ups in half, says Stengler.

Give your back some TLC with grapes

Got an achy back? Grapes could be the ticket to a speedy recovery. Recent studies at Ohio State University suggest eating a heaping cup of grapes daily can relax tight blood vessels, significantly improving blood flow to damaged back tissues (and often within three hours of enjoying the first bowl). That’s great news because your back’s vertebrae and shock-absorbing discs are completely dependent on nearby blood vessels to bring them healing nutrients and oxygen, so improving blood flow is essential for healing damaged back tissue, says Stengler.

Wash away pain injuries with water

Whether it’s your feet, your knees or your shoulders that are throbbing, experts at New York ’s Manhattan College , say you could kick-start your recovery in one week just by drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily. Why? Experts say water dilutes, and then helps flush out, histamine, a pain-triggering compound produced by injured tissues. “Plus water is a key building block of the cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones, your joints’ lubricating fluid, and the soft discs in your spine,” adds Susan M. Kleiner, Ph.D., author of the book, The Good Mood Diet. “And when these tissues are well-hydrated, they can move and glide over each other without causing pain.” One caveat: Be sure to measure your drinking glasses to find out how large they really are before you start sipping, she says. Today’s juice glasses often hold more than 12 ounces, which means five servings could be enough to meet your daily goal.

Heal sinus problems with horseradish

Latest studies show sinusitis is the nation’s number one chronic health problem. And this condition doesn’t just spur congestion and facial pain, it also makes sufferers six times more likely to feel achy all-over. Horseradish to the rescue! According to German researchers, this eye-watering condiment naturally revs up blood flow to the sinus cavities, helping to open and drain clogged sinuses and heal sinus infections more quickly than decongestant sprays do. The study-recommended dose: One teaspoon twice daily (either on its own, or used as a sandwich or meat topping) until symptoms clear.

Beat bladder infections with blueberries

Eating 1 cup of blueberries daily, whether you opt for them fresh, frozen or in juice form, can cut your risk of a urinary tract infection (UTIs) by 60 percent, according to researchers at New Jersey’s Rutgers University. That's because blueberries are loaded with tannins, plant compounds that wrap around problem-causing bacteria in the bladder, so they can’t get a toehold and create an infection, explains Amy Howell, Ph.D. a scientist at Rutgers University .

Heal mouth sores with honey

Dab painful canker and cold sores with unpasteurized honey four times daily until these skin woes disappear, and they’ll heal 43 percent faster than if you use a prescription cream, say researchers at the Dubai Specialized Medical Center in the United Arab Emirates . Raw honey’s natural enzymes zap inflammation, destroy invading viruses and speed the healing of damaged tissues, say the study authors.

Fight breast pain with flax

In one recent study, adding 3 tablespoons of ground flax to their daily diet eased breast soreness for one in three women within 12 weeks. Scientists credit flax’s phytoestrogens, natural plant compounds that prevent the estrogen spikes that can trigger breast pain. More good news: You don’t have to be a master baker to sneak this healthy seed into your diet. Just sprinkle ground flax on oatmeal, yogurt, applesauce or add it to smoothies and veggie dips.

Cure migraines with coffee

Prone to migraines? Try muscling-up your painkiller with a coffee chaser. Whatever over-the-counter pain med you prefer, researchers at the National Headache Foundation say washing it down with a strong 12- ounce cup of coffee will boost the effectiveness of your medication by 40 percent or more. Experts say caffeine stimulates the stomach lining to absorb painkillers more quickly and more effectively.

Tame leg cramps with tomato juice

At least one in five people regularly struggle with leg cramps. The culprit? Potassium deficiencies, which occur when this mineral is flushed out by diuretics, caffeinated beverages or heavy perspiration during exercise. But sip 10 ounces of potassium-rich tomato juice daily and you'll not only speed your recovery, you'll reduce your risk of painful cramp flare-ups in as little as 10 days, say UCLA researchers. 

 

Eye massage

On December 26, 2011, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

This will improve blood circulation in and around the eyes.
Pressure points are located in areas such as the web between the thumb and forefinger, the temples, the back corners of the eyes and the middle of the eyebrows. Let's get into the habit of pressure point massages about twice a day, once during the day and once at night. [Source]

 

Many hundreds of plants contain well known anti-inflammatory agents. Many herbs also possess anti-inflammatory (also known as antiphlogistic) characteristics. Herbs can be used as the sole therapy in autoimmune disease or as complementary corticosteroid-sparing therapies allowing patients to take smaller doses or shorter courses of corticosteroids. [Source]

There are many other herbs that have anti-inflammatory properties. I suspect that many plant based foods have anti-inflammatory effects whether we know it or not, which is one reason why a diet rich in fruits & vegetables is generally beneficial for health. [Source]

Nonstarchy and low-starch vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, green beans, and salad greens, contain several anti-inflammatory nutrients. First, their antioxidants help neutralize free radicals, which promote inflammation. Second, greens are rich in alpha-linolenic acid, the basic building block of omega-3 fatty acids. Thirds, greens also contain small amounts of GLA, which enhances the anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 fatty acids.

Cruciferous vegetables. These veggies, which include broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kale, are also loaded with antioxidants. But they provide one other ingredient — sulfur — that the body needs to make its own high-powered antioxidants. [Source]

Greens are chock full of magnesium a nutrient that most of us are typically deficient in anyways, eating as many servings of green vegetables daily as possible will serve you well. A diet of brown rice, vegetables, lean meats, non-citrus fruits, water and green tea is the ultimate goal to work towards. [Source]

Eating such things is good, more generally: it can reduce heart disease risk, keep existing cardiac problems in check, reduce blood triglyceridesand blood pressure, and soothe tender and stiff arthritic joints. [Source]

Blueberries

My favorite anti-inflammatory food is BLUEBERRIES

I prescribe one cup of frozen blueberries daily to all my patients with inflammation, heart disease, or diabetes. Most people are happy to add such a delicious food in to their diet, but occasionally I will have a patient balk at the cost of eating so many blueberries each month.If you are already taking medications or other supplements, you are clearly paying quite a bit for your health already so adding a superfood in like blueberries is well worth the $30 a month. You could buy a bottle of some herbal product for that same price, or you could just enjoy eating blueberries.

Blueberries are highly anti-inflammatory and their proanthocyanin behavior is fundamentally protective to our cardiovascular system.

In my opinion there is not a more delicious, advantageous way to improve your health than by eating a cup of frozen blueberries a day.

I like to enjoy them as an evening snack, and let them sit out and thaw about 20 minutes before eating.

You can also add them to smoothies or your morning cereal.

Cooking them does not destroy their important pigments, and the freezing process actually makes these proanthocyanins more bioavailable for absorption. A rare exception to the rule that fresh is best! [Source]

Cherries

 

A study in the April 2006 Journal of Nutrition showed that eating cherries daily can significantly reduce inflammation. Cherries are also packed with antioxidants and relatively low 

on the glycemic index. Tip: Frozen cherries are available all year long and make a tasty dessert with a little yogurt or cheese. [Source]

Ginger

Ginger root, another common spice, also contains a number of scientifically proven pain relieving agents. Ginger contains a protein-digesting enzyme called zingibain, which appears to relieve arthritis pain by reducing inflammation. In fact, the anti-inflammatory activity of ginger compares favorably with aspirin. Ginger root is also rich in two groups of compounds known as the shaogals and gingerols. These compounds are powerfully antioxidant, thus helping to prevent cells from premature destruction due to exposure to environmental toxins and by-products of metabolism. Even more, these compounds are potent anti-inflammatory agents, and are proven to relieve inflammation throughout the body. Given that oxidation and inflammation are part and parcel of all chronic degenerative diseases, ginger can play a key role in disease risk reduction. [Source]

Take one to two capsules (500 to 1,000 mg) twice a day with food. You can also use ginger liberally in foods or make fresh ginger tea. Here too, you will need to be patient for the benefits to show. [Source]

 
Zingiber officinale (Ginger): Ginger is commonly used in the diet, especially in India. The main ingredients in ginger that have an anti-inflammatory effect as well as antitumor and antiproliferative pro perties against tumor cells are 6-gingerol and 6-paradol, which are found in the oleoresin fraction in ginger.25,26 Other constituents of ginger, 8-paradol and 8-shogaol, demonstrate a significant inhibitory effect on the COX-2 enzyme system.27 Three important features of the molecules are necessary for this inhibition: (1) the degree of lipophilicity of the alkyl side chain, (2) hydroxy and carbonyl groups substitution pattern on the side chain, and (3) the methoxy and hydroxy groups substitution arrangement on the aromatic moiety.27 Ginger oil obtained from the plant's roots was found to have a profound anti-inflammatory effect.28 The German Commission E recommends a dose of 2 to 4 g of cut rhizome or dried extract daily or its equivalent.13 Because ginger can enhance bile secretion, it is contraindicated in patients with gallstones.14

Turmeric

One of the very most effective and potent natural anti-inflammatory agents is curcumin, derived from turmeric root. Turmeric is a yellow spice native to Asia, widely enjoyed as both a food and a dye. Turmeric is the yellow in curry powder, and curcumin is a resinous compound found in turmeric root. Extensively well studied for its anti-inflammatory powers, curcumin is scientifically proven to be highly effective at relieving pain, and very safe. Like the NSAID’s, curcumin inhibits COX2. But unlike the NSAID’s, it does not do so selectively. Instead, curcumin also affects the activity of other key factors in inflammation, including NF-kappaB, PPAR Gamma transcription factors, and 5-LOX. By inhibiting the activity of all these aspects of inflammation, curcumin delivers far superior anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving activity than most drugs.[Source]

Turmeric is a great herbal remedy for inflammation, including arthritis, tendonitis & auto-immune disorders. Take 400 to 600 milligrams of turmeric extracts (available in tablets or capsules) three times per day. Whole turmeric is best. It may take two months for good effect so be patient. Oh, curry mixtures usually contain a good amount of turmeric so feel free to have lots of curried dishes if you prefer. [Source]

Curcuma longa (Turmeric): This Indian spice comes from the roots of Curcuma longa and contains diferuloyl methane (curcumin), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin–all of which are known as curcuminoids.15 Curcumin (the lipid-soluble component in turmeric)16 has been shown to exert an anti-inflammatory activity in several clinical studies, due in part to the inhibition of COX-2 enzyme15,17-20 and iNOS.20 In particular, the inhibition of COX-2 was significant in colon cancer cells, which makes curcumin important as a colon cancer preventive agent,17,19 since the COX-2 enzyme plays a key function in the progression of this disease.21,22 The inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme is achieved by suppressing the activation of NF-kB, a eukaryotic transcription factor.18 Curcumin has also been shown to have an effect on the release of inflammatory mediators (eg, eicosanoids), which may further explain its role as an anti -inflammatory agent.23 However, the water-soluble portion of turmeric that contains turmerin does not have an anti-inflammatory effect,16 although it has been shown to have antidepressant effects that may be due to monoamine oxidase inhibition in the brain.24 According to Commission E in Germany (the German authority on evaluating herbal preparations), the recommended dose is 1.5 to 3 g of cut root daily; preparations of Curcuma longa are infusion powders, tinctures (1:5), and fluid extracts.13 The use of curcumin is contraindicated in bile duct obstruction because it enhances the secretion of bile.14

Rosemary

the common spice rosemary, also demonstrate powerful anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving properties. [Source]

Amazon bark cats’ claw

 [Source]

Devils claw is dual use: one of the better pain-relieving & anti inflammatory herbs. Devil’s claw is especially useful for arthritis. [Source]

Hops

Hops, for example, an herb used in beer brewing, contains a group of compounds called the humulones, which are being studied for their significant pain-relieving properties.

Allanblackia  floribunda

http://idosi.org/bri/2(1)09/4.pdf

Image: http://www.ecologicalmuseum.netsons.org/archivio_immagini/allanblackia_floribunda.JPG

Omega-3 fatty acids

In canola, flax seed, pumpkin seed

http://nutrition.about.com/od/dietsformedicaldisorders/a/antiinflamfood.htm

, the anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish (particularly cold water species, such as salmon), flaxseed, and leafy green vegetables. The body converts the fatty acids in these foods into more potent pro- and anti inflammatory prostaglandins. [Source]

Guggul

The resin secreted by the guggul tree are found to have anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects comparable to commercial drugs such as ibuprofen, a type of NSAID, and clofibrate, a drug used for reducing serum cholesterol, in some studies. It may also be useful in relieving pains due to fibromyalgia and rheumatism.

Guggul can be found in their raw forms as gums and resins, and in powder, capsules and tablets. As with any other medicinal herb, consult a knowledgeable herbalist or physician before self-medicating. [Source]

Holy basil oil

Holy basil oil is found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other medicinal properties that are effective against arthritis, diabetes, high cholesterol, peptic ulcers as well as chemotherapy and radiation poisoning.[Source]

Neem

neem oil is used in Ayurvedic medicine to calm inflammatory skin conditions, joint pains and muscle aches. Extracts of neem leaves and seeds have also demonstrated anti-fungal, antibacterial, anti-diabetic and anti-viral properties in various studies.

All parts of this amazing tree can be used. Neem shoots and flowers are eaten as vegetables in India, while the leaves are added to foods as a spice to impart a unique bitter flavor. Neem oil can also be applied topically to treat skin irritations, and sprayed on plants to control pests.[Source]

Licorice

the sweet root of this plant is commonly used to make candies. Healing-wise, the strong anti-inflammatory compounds found in licorice root have been found to be effective against coughs, colds, mouth ulcers, peptic ulcers and even chronic hepatitis infection.

Licorice is available as chopped roots, which can be brewed as tea, and also in powder and capsule forms.[Source]

Licorice root is an effective, natural anti-inflammatory herb root. Note that long-term use can raise blood pressure and lead to potassium loss. Dose is one-eighth to one-quarter teaspoon of extract up to three times daily. [Source]

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): The roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra contain glycyrrhizin, a compound with anti-inflammatory activity.29 The aglycone, b-glycyrrhetinic acid, may cause this action of glycyrrhizin.29 Glycyrrhizic acid, another major constituent in licorice, also has anti-inflammatory activity.30 Glycyrrhizin, in addition to having anti-inflammatory actions, may act also as a chemoprotective agent against tumors.31 The dose of licorice is 5 to 15 g daily of cut or powdered roots and should contain 200 to 600 mg of glycyrrhizin.13 Licorice use is contraindicated in patients with high blood pressure, cardiac diseases, or liver cirrhosis.14

Ashwagandha

having powerful anti-inflammatory properties, is specific for treating arthritic and rheumatic conditions

Eye problems: A combination of root powder of Ashwagandha, fruit powder of amalaki and cardamom with sugar or honey taken daily ensures visual acuity. It can be taken to preserve or promote eyesight. [Source]

Arnica

Arnica is one of those herbs that are only used externally. Its also one of the few herbs to have gained official recognition from the medical establishment. The UK authorities recently granted a license to the manufacturers of Arnica Gel, which is used on bruises and sprains. [Source]

 Arnica is a widely used herbal remedy for inflammation in addition to a salve for bruises & sprains. Use as directed. [Source]

Arnica montana (Arnica): This herb is commonly used for treating bruises and swelling, although several clinical trials cast doubt on its efficacy.34-36 The presence of sesquiterpene lactones, such as helenalin and dihydrohelenalin, in arnica provides this herb with anti-inflammatory properties.37 This is attributed to inhibition of the activation of transcription factors NF-kB and NF-AT.38 Helenalin, the most active lactone, exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of transcription factor NF-kB, which is responsible for the transcription of genes involved in encoding mediators for the inflammatory process.37,39 Helenalin was also found to possess some cytotoxic effects against small cell carcinoma of the lung and colorectal cancer cells in cell culture studies.40 The recommended doses are 2 g of herb/100 mL for the aqueous infusion, one part herb and five parts fatty oil for the oil, and for the ointment, not more than 15% of oil.13 Sesquiterpene lactones may cause contact or allergic dermatitis when applied externally.14 The internal use of arnica is not recommended due to its toxicity on major organs such as the kidneys and the liver.14

Dandelion

Some people think of it as a weed, whereas it reminds others of a childhood spent outside playing in the grass. For herbologists though, Dandelion is a powerful remedy that has been registered as a drug in Canada.  [Source]

Dong Quai

Dong Quai is another star of Chinese traditional medicine. True to the principles of Oriental herbology, it has a balancing effect on the entire body and is more of a holistic remedy for the female body than a specific cure.  [Source]

Goldenseal

Goldenseal was originally used by Native Americans for skin disorders, digestive complaints and even as a cancer remedy. In more modern times, Goldenseal has gained in popularity and has been used for wound healing and many types of infection, as well as a powerful anti-fungal agent.  [Source]

Gotu Kola

Gotu Kola is a staple of Indian Ayurvedic medicine, where it taken as a tea during meditation practices to increase psychic sensitivity and achieve a higher state of spiritual being. It is also a tremendous natural source of vitamins and minerals, and a useful anti-inflammatory.  [Source]

Raspberry Leaf

Although raspberries are consumed throughout the world, raspberry leaf is one of those herbal remedies that not many people have heard of. That's probably because it has a very narrow focus – 90% of the time it is used by pregnant women.  [Source]

It does have other benefits though – as an anti-inflammatory and for ailments including stomach upsets and throat infections.

Reishi

Similar in its effects to Maitake, the Reishi mushroom is a powerful immune system booster that has been used to treat cancer and relieve the symptoms of chemotherapy. Its Chinese name, ‘lingzhi’, literally translates to ‘herb of immortality’. Unlike Maitake however, it also has beneficial effects on blood pressure, cholesterol and respiratory conditions. The best thing about Reishi though, is that it has no known side effects!  [Source]

Aloe Vera

See my blog post.

Boswellin

is a good natural anti inflammatory remedy especially for conditions like fibromyalgia. The dosage is two capsules twice a day or follow the product label.[Source]

Bromelain

is an anti-inflammatory enzyme. Bromelain is found in pineapple so eat lots of fresh pineapple. You can also buy pleasant tasting, chewable bromelain tablets. [Source]

Papaya

 contains an enzyme that has anti inflammatory effects. Here too you can simply chew on good tasting tablets several times daily. [Source]

St. John's wort

is better known for its antidepressant effect but also an herbal remedy for inflammation. Follow label directions. [Source]

White willow bark

is also anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving. Use supplement as directed. [Source]

Salix alba (White Willow): The role of salicylates in inflammation and pain management is well documented in medicine.2 The bark of this plant contains salicin.32 Following oral administration of salicin, it was found in serum mainly in the form of salicylic acid.33 After an oral dose (240 mg) was given to healthy volunteers, the Tmax was less than two hours and Cmax was 1.2 mg/L, respectively.33 Salicylic acid is eliminated in urine as salicyluric acid.33 A daily dose equivalent to 60 to 120 mg of salicin is recommended by the German Commission E.13 Willow use can trigger an allergic response in individuals sensitive to willow or to aspirin.14

German Chamomile

Matricaria recutita (German Chamomile): The dried flowers of this plant are commonly used for their sedative and spasmolytic properties.7 In addition, chamomile possesses anti-inflammatory activities.8 Matricaria contains several flavones (ie, polyphenolic pigments of some plants),9 namely, apigenin,7,10 luteolin, and matricine.8 When applied topically, the flavonoids were found to penetrate intact skin deeply to exert an anti-inflammatory effect.10 Evidence suggests that apigenin may generally inhibit cytokine-induced gene expression.11 Matricine does not have anti-inflammatory activity. However, chamazulene, a transformation product of matricine, was found to possess anti-inflammatory properties.8 Compared to a hydrocortisone 1% cream, the anti-inflammatory effect of a chamomile cream was weaker.12 The recommended dose of Matricaria recutita flowers is 3 g three times daily; Matricaria is available as an infusion, a fluid extract, and a tincture (1:5).13 Allergic hypersensitivity to this herb may occur in rare cases, and the herb can irritate the eyes if applied near them.14

Witch Hazel

distillate of Hamamelis virginiana (witch hazel)

echinacea

 

Echinacoside in Echinacea species (echinacea), a caffeoyl derivative, is thought to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity in these species.

Pineapple

Ananas comosus (pineapple) contains bromelain, which has anti-inflammatory effects.

More natural anti inflammatory herbs & spices

* Angelica

* Black Pepper

* Cinnamon

* Basil

* Cardamon

* Chives

* Cilantro

* Cloves

* Garlic

* Meadowsweet

* Parsley

 

1. Wild Alaskan Salmon: Salmon contains anti-inflammatory omega-3s (wild is better than farmed) and has been known to help numerous ailments. Try and incorporate oily fish into your diet twice weekly. If you don't like fish, try a high quality fish supplement.
2. Kelp: High in fiber, this brown algae extract helps control liver and lung cancer, douses inflammation, and is anti-tumor and anti-oxidative. Kombu, wakame and arame are good sources.  
3. Extra Virgin Olive Oil: The secret to longevity in Mediterranean culture, this oil provides a healthy dose of fats that fights inflammation, can help lower risks of asthma and arthritis, as well as protect the heart and blood vessels. 
4. Cruciferous Vegetables: Broccoli, brussel sprouts, kale and cauliflower are all loaded with antioxidants. Naturally detoxifying, they can help rid the body of possible harmful compounds.
  
5. Blueberries: Blueberries not only reduce inflammation, but they can protect the brain from aging and prevent diseases, such as cancer and dementia. Aim for organic berries, as pesticides are hard to wash away due to their size. 
6. Turmeric: This powerful Asian spice contains a natural anti-inflammatory compound, curcumin, which is often found in curry blends. It is said to have the same effect as over-the counter pain relievers (but without their side effects). 
7. Ginger: Ginger contains a host of health benefits. Among them, it helps reduce inflammation and control blood sugar. Ginger tea is a great addition to any diet.
8. Garlic: Though a little more inconsistent (in terms of research), garlic can help reduce inflammation, regulate glucose and help your body fight infection. 
9. Green Tea: Like produce, this tea contains anti-inflammatory flavonoids that may even help reduce the risks of certain cancers. 
10. Sweet Potato: A great source of complex carbs, fiber, beta-carotene, manganese and vitamin B6 and C, these potatoes actually help heal inflammation in the body.

 

 

Kewra (Pandanus) flower extract for dry eyes?

On December 25, 2011, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

This is NOT yet an experiment. Just prelim research.

Kewra flowers have medicinal properties: 

Pandanus is a very important medicinal plant

However, this says that the oil should be kept out of the eyes.

Some more info: http://www.remedyspot.com/articles/135-ayurveda-medicinal-use-flowers-home.html

 

Steam inhalation (steaming) for dry eyes

On December 25, 2011, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

If warm compress helps a bi (because of its effect on mebomian glands) and if vicks vaporub helps ezcema (an allergic issue), how about combining the two through a steam inhalation of vicks vaporub?

I tried this idea today (a towel over a hot water bowl containing a tiny bit of vicks), with rapidly blinking eyes, to allow steam to enter the eyes (but not to boil them). Seemed to feel a little better at the end of the experiment. Might do more of it in due course.

Some research from the internet on this issue

Facial sauna http://www.binglee.com.au/sanitas-sfs40-facial-sauna

See this for a dry eyes patient who uses such a thing: http://www.dryeyezone.com/talk/archive/index.php/t-7881.html?s=b81955275c59b6e0ebcb9697fa3bab68

Massage table 

http://www.dryeyezone.com/talk/showthread.php?12217-An-effective-new-way-of-applying-heat-to-the-lids-before-hygiene-and-MG-expression&highlight=steaming

I'm lucky to have a massage table with a face-hole at one end that makes it possible to breath through it while lying on the bed face down. Today I boiled a big pot of water and put it on the floor right under the massage table, exactly beneath the area where the hole is located, and I lied on the table with my face inside the hole looking down straight into the pot.

Stand near a kettle

I usually stand near the kettle when making my morning coffee to get the benefit of the steam [ibid]

Vicks brand steamer

I know someone who uses a Vicks brand steamer. You can get them as a facial-type steamer or the type that is used for the lungs if you have a cold, sinus troubles, or allergies, for example. [ibid]

Air-O-Swiss® Ultrasonic Humidifier 

This post has some qualifiers, though

other humidifiers: http://www.buyhumidifiers.co.uk/steam-humidifiers.

 

Turmeric as an anti-inflammatory

On December 21, 2011, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

Chronic inflammation is strongly linked to retinal degeneration, dry eye syndrome, cardiovascular disease, many cancers, and Alzheimer's. The chemical properties in Turmeric act as powerful anti-inflammatories, antioxidants, anti-angiogenics, and surgical wound healing accelerators. [Source]

Turmeric has long been used for its digestive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits. The primary compounds to which turmeric's benefits are attributed are curcuminoids and volatile oils,

Anti-inflammatory agents in turmeric may be useful in relieving symptoms associated with rheumatic conditions, according to NIH. Turmeric is sometimes used as part of the course of treatment for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It may help with the pain and loss of mobility from these conditions. Turmeric may also be useful for treating uveitis, a form of eye inflammation, states UMMC.

Turmeric is an herb that contains curcumin, the active ingredient that may have medicinal properties. The herb or turmeric extract cannot treat dry eye, but the curcumin component of turmeric has anti-inflammatory properties that could help reduce inflammation associated with dry eye. If you have inflammation, you may wish to talk with your doctor about the potential benefits of using turmeric to reduce the severity of your symptoms.

studies seem to indicate turmeric is a safe COX-2 inhibitor. Turmeric also inhibits a number of other molecules that cause inflammation such as leukotrienes. Studies have shown not only anti-inflammatory but also possible antiviral and anti-fungal properties of curcuminoids, the active compound in turmeric. [Source]

Curcumin, just like other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has been shown to inhibit the pro-inflammatory enzymes, cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and lipoxygenase (LOX-4). However, Curcumin does not interfere with the cyclooxygenase (COX-1) enzymes that protect the mucosal lining of the stomach, as do the NSAIDs like Motrin and Advil, therefore it is a far safer anti-inflammatory choice. [Source]

Curcumin induces appropriate cellular apoptosis (normal cell death) which prevents the inflammation associated with cellular necrosis.

 

Curcumin reduces retinal oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and neutralizing their oxidative chain reaction.
Curcumin blocks the receptor sites of epidermal growth factor (EGF), when appropriate.
Curcumin enhances immunity through increased production of T-helper and B type immune cells.

About 3 weeks ago, I started taking Turmeric (450 mg – twice a day) and I have not had a bad dry eye day since! [Source]

 

Turmeric juice

 tumeric juice a super yummy ayurvedic drink to help your liver, support immune system. 

Ingredients
5 pieces of fresh tumeric root, washed 
1 lemon 
warm water 
2 tablespoons honey or sweetner of your choice 
cold water 
Preparation
put the tumeric root, and the the lemon through your juicer, you can put the pulp back a second and maybe even a third time to get all the goodness out

leave the juicer running and pour about 1/2 cup warm water through.

mix the honey or sweetner in. if you dont want to use a concentrated sweetner, swap the lemon for an orange (it wont be as medicinal, but it will be sweeter…)

top up with 1-2 cups cold water and store in fridge

 

 

Efficacy of wet chamber warming goggles (Blephasteam®) in patients with posterior blepharitis
  1. S DOAN1,2
  2. F CHIAMBARETTA3
  3. F CORTEVAL4
  4. J SEMBEIL4
  5. C BAUDOUIN5
Article first published online: 11 AUG 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.4174.x
 
Abstract
Purpose Posterior blepharitis is a main cause of dry eye. Lid hygiene is an important treatment, but compliance is often poor because of its complexity and lack of specific devices. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of wet chamber warming goggles (Blephasteam®) in patients with posterior blepharitis.

Methods In this interventional multicenter prospective uncontrolled study, patients with meibomian gland dysfunction were enrolled. Blephasteam® (Laboratoires Thea, Clermont-Ferrand, France) was used once or twice a day during 10 minutes, with a following lid massage. Main outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 3 weeks, including symptoms (ocular discomfort on a visual analogic scale-primary endpoint, and separate symptoms), signs of blepharitis, Schirmer test, Break up time, corneal fluorescein vital staining, and tear osmolarity (measured with the Tearlab® system).

Results Thirty patients (16 women, 14 men), mean age 48 ± 22 years (4 to 82 years) were included. After 3 weeks of treatment, mean global visual analogic scale symptom score decreased by 15.2 ± 22 mm (range, +32 to -57 mm on a 100 mm scale)(p=0.004). Mean composite blepharitis score decreased by -3.5 points on the worst eye (range, +1 to -10 on a 20 points scale)(p<0,001). No change was observed for the other parameters among which BUT, IOP and tear osmolarity. Improvement rated by the patient was important in 48 % of cases, moderate in 36% and fair in 16%.

Conclusion Blephasteam® wet chamber warming goggles are a promising alternative to classical lid hygiene techniques. A multicenter extended study is ongoing.
 
 

 

Vitamin A in eye drops for dry eyes

On December 17, 2011, in Uncategorized, by sabhlok

From here: http://allaboutdryeye.com/2011/12/16/learn-how-to-treat-dry-eye-with-vitamin-a/

A study done by the Division of Ophthalmology at Kansai Rosai Hospital in Hyogo, Japan treated 12 patients with topical Vitamin A eye drops to treat superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis patients for three months with outstanding results – 10 patients or 83% saw no recurrence. Other studies have found that preservative-free Vitamin A drops can help substantially in treating dry eye symptoms, some even better than more expensive prescription drops[1].

Vitamin A also have been shown effective for the treatment of the following eye diseases: superior limpic keratoconjunctivitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), loss of peripheral vision, Stargardt’s disease.
 
[1] Ophthalmologica: 1997;211(6):358-61.Effect of retinol palmitate as a treatment for dry eye: a cytological evaluation

 

What are plant sterols? 

Plant sterols (or phytosterols) are a naturally occurring part of all plants. They are mainly found in vegetable oils but are also present in smaller amounts in nuts, legumes, grains, cereals, wood pulp and leaves. The main sources of plant sterols added to foods in Australia are soybean oil or tall (pine) oil. [Source]
 
 
What are steroids?
Steroids are organic compounds found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They include hormones such as testosterone and estrogen and the lipid cholesterol. Anabolic steroids, which are used by some athletes as performance enhancers, are not in the same chemical family. In plants, steroids are important chemicals that stimulate growth. These growth hormones have been researched both for their natural function and their potential as crop-boosters.[Source]
 
Plant Steroids Vs. Other Steroids
Like in humans and animals, plant steroids send signals to boost growth. Additionally, brassinosteroids assist in cell differentiation. They help stem cells — cells that have not yet found a function — become assigned to their proper areas. However, "ScienceDaily" explains that plant sterioids "function very differently at the cellular level." Plant and animal cells have receptors that detect steroids. The fundamental difference is that these receptors are found in the nucleus of animal cells, while plant receptors are on the cells' outside membranes. [ibid]
 

Aloe vera

Contains these sterols: lupeol, campesterol, and β­sitosterol [Source]

The  anti­inflammatory activity of Aloe  Vera Gel has  been revealed by a  number of in vitro and in vivo studies (See studies section). Fresh Aloe Vera Gel significantly reduced acute  inflammation in rats (carrageenin­induced paw  oedema),  although no effect on chronic  inflammation was  observed.  Aloe  Vera  Gel appears  to exert its anti­ inflammatory activity through bradykinase  activity and thromboxane  B2 and prostaglandin F2 inhibition. Furthermore, three plant  sterols in Aloe Vera Gel reduced inflammation by up to 37% in croton oil­induced oedema in mice.  Lupeol,  one of the  sterol compounds found in Aloe Vera, was the most active and reduced inflammation in a dose­dependent manner.  These  data  suggest  that specific plant  sterols  may also contribute to the anti­inflammatory activity of Aloe Vera Gel.